MathML does not render elements correctly [closed]

19 hours ago 2
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I am currently working on a project, for which I am using MathML to display maths equations, alongside NodeJS/express. I am mainly using a Firefox-based browser.

Most of the time, it displays just fine. However, in the past few days, rendering issues have started to happen. Instead of a fraction, I am getting weird squares displayed instead. When I copy and paste individual element (e.g. a^2), it displays as expected.

I have not changed any of my HTML code before this began to occur. I tried clearing my cookies & cache, but to no avail. I have tried Safari and Chrome and they both also have issues.

I have added some screenshots if it's not clear what the issue is.

Firefox fork

Chrome/Safari (looks the same)

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