Gradle ignores JAVA_HOME and uses Android Studio JBR instead

I'm facing an issue where Gradle does not use JAVA_HOME and instead falls back to Android Studio's bundled JDK (JBR).

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Environment

Gradle: 9.4.1

Kotlin: 2.3.0

macOS (Apple Silicon)

Android Studio

Configuration

In .idea/gradle.xml:

<option name="gradleJvm" value="#JAVA_HOME" />

My JAVA_HOME:

/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/amazon-corretto-21.jdk/Contents/Home/bin

Problem

Gradle Doctor reports:

Gradle is not using JAVA_HOME JAVA_HOME is /Library/.../amazon-corretto-21.jdk/.../bin Gradle is using /Applications/Android Studio.app/.../jbr/.../bin

However, running ./gradlew -version in terminal shows:

Launcher JVM: 21.0.9 (Amazon Corretto)

Questions

Why does Android Studio ignore #JAVA_HOME?

Why is it using bundled JBR instead?

Is this expected behavior?

What is the correct way to make Gradle use JAVA_HOME consistently?

Any help would be appreciated.