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According to WordPress support:
Pages are static i.e., they are not associated with a date or time. They are permanent fixtures of your site for people to access at any time.
Posts are individual pieces of time-based content on a site. Think of them as articles or updates that you share to offer up new content to your readers.
To use Stack Overflow as an example, Home would be a page, while this question would likely be a post.
One of the key differences with a post is that it can trigger several actions on publishing which pages cannot
Appear as the newest entry on your blog page Appear in the Reader feeds Send an email notification to subscribers Be shared on your social media profiles